Sauran abubuwan kara kuzarin petrochemical
Sauran abubuwan kara kuzarin petrochemical
Ruwan ruwa wani abu ne wanda ruwa ke haduwa da wani abu ya samar da kwayar halitta daya.Kwayoyin ruwa tare da hydrogen da hydroxyl da kwayoyin halitta unsaturated bond ƙari don samar da sababbin mahadi, a cikin wannan tsari yana taka rawar gani a cikin kayan da ake kira hydration catalyst, an yi amfani da wannan hanyar haɗakarwa a cikin samar da sinadarai.Tsarin hydration yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin hada kwayoyin halitta, amma a matsayin hanyar samar da mahimmanci, an iyakance shi ga wasu nau'ikan samfurori, irin su ethanol da diols.
Ana iya yin bushewa ta hanyar dumama ko mai kara kuzari ko kuma ta hanyar amsawa tare da wakili mai bushewa.Dehydration dauki shi ne revers aiwatar da hydration dauki, yawanci endothermic dauki, gaba ɗaya, high zafin jiki da kuma low matsa lamba ne m zuwa dauki.Bugu da ƙari, yawancin tsarin bushewa dole ne a gudanar da shi a gaban masu kara kuzari.Mai kara kuzari da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin hydration - mai haɓaka acid kuma ya dace da bushewa, yawancin amfani da su shine sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, aluminum oxide da sauransu.Daban-daban masu kara kuzari suna da manyan samfuran daban-daban da babban zaɓi.
Alkylation shine canja wurin ƙungiyar alkyl daga wannan kwayoyin zuwa wani.Halin da aka gabatar da ƙungiyar alkyl (methyl, ethyl, da dai sauransu) a cikin kwayoyin halitta.Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su a masana'antu sune olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, da sauransu.
A cikin daidaitaccen tsari na tsaftacewa, tsarin alkylation yana haɗuwa da ƙananan alkenes masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta (yafi propylene da butene) tare da isobutane ta amfani da mai kara kuzari (sulfonic ko hydrofluoric acid) don samar da alkylates (mafi girman octanes, alkanes na gefe).Alkylation halayen za a iya raba zuwa thermal alkylation da catalytic alkylation.Saboda yawan zafin jiki na thermal alkylation dauki, yana da sauƙi don samar da pyrolysis da sauran halayen gefe, don haka ana amfani da hanyar alkylation na catalytic a cikin masana'antu.
Saboda sulfuric acid da hydrofluoric acid suna da acid mai karfi, lalata kayan aiki yana da tsanani sosai.Don haka, daga mahangar samar da aminci da kariyar muhalli, waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu ba su ne ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓakawa ba.A halin yanzu, ana amfani da m superacid a matsayin alkylation mai kara kuzari, amma bai kai matakin aikace-aikacen masana'antu ba ya zuwa yanzu.
Haɗin kai na isomer ɗaya tare da wani.Hanyar canza tsarin fili ba tare da canza abun da ke ciki ko nauyin kwayoyin halitta ba.Canji a matsayin zarra ko rukuni a cikin kwayoyin mahadi.Sau da yawa a gaban masu kara kuzari.
Ana iya canza nau'in nau'in hydrocarbon zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan hydrocarbon daban-daban guda biyu ta hanyar amfani da tsarin rashin daidaituwa, don haka rashin daidaituwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin daidaita wadatar da buƙatun hydrocarbon a masana'antu.Mafi mahimmancin aikace-aikacen shine rashin daidaituwa na toluene don haɓaka samar da xylene da kuma samar da benzene mai tsabta a lokaci guda, da kuma rashin daidaituwa na propylene don samar da matakai na triolefin na ethylene-polymer da babban tsarki butene.Juyawar toluene zuwa benzene da xylene gabaɗaya yana amfani da sinadarin silicon aluminum.A halin yanzu, binciken da ya fi shahara shine mai kara kuzari na siliki, irin su siliki na siliki mai nau'in meridionite.
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